Menhavesufferedfromstonesintheurinarytractevenbeforetheurinarytractwasdefined.Untilfairlyrecentlyhavingstoneswasanindicationforsurgery,andyetcurrentlymostpatientsaretreatedasoutpatients.Thisarticleprovidesanoverviewofthemanagementofstonediseasethroughtime.
早在泌尿道被定义之前，人类便已饱受守泌尿道结石之苦。直到最近，泌尿道结石仍旧是外科手术的适应症，而绝大多数的携带者则是以门诊患者的身份在接受治疗。本文将溯时间长河而上，为读者讲述人类与结石疾病数千年来的抗争史。
Ancienttimes上古时期
Theoldesturologicalobjectonrecordisabladdercalculus;in,ElliottSmithdiscovereditinaprehistoricEgyptiantomb,inthepelvisofamummy.ThecalculusisdatedtoBCEandhasauricacidnucleuswithconcentriclaminationsofcalciumoxalateandammoniummagnesiumphosphate.
首例被记录在案的泌尿系结石是一枚膀胱结石；年，埃利奥特·史密斯在史前的埃及古墓中发现了这枚位于木乃伊骨盆处的结石。这枚结石可以追溯至公元前年，其核心经分析为尿酸，且周围覆有明显成层的草酸钙及磷酸镁铵。
ThefirstcivilizationsdevelopedwithinfertileareasbetweenandBCE.EarlyliteraryreferencestostonediseaseweremadewithintheAs?tuinMesopotomia;thesemedicaltexts,associatedwiththephysician,presentedsymptomssuchas‘Ifamanissickwithstone[…]’.Thisdescriptionwasalsoassociatedwithtreatmentstodissolveurinarycalculi;‘blacksaltpetre,shellofostrichegg,pine-turpentine…(and)the“sexualpartofa[sh]e-ass”’.
最早的人类文明扎根于于公元前-年的富饶地区。有关结石疾病的早期文献可见于美索不达米亚的As?tu；此类医学文本不仅包含医者对于结石症状描述“如某人罹患石头病[…]”，还囊括了有关泌尿结石分解治疗的记录“黑色的硝石，鸟蛋外科，松脂···（以及）‘母驴的阴茎’”。
India古印度
EvidenceofstonediseaseisalsofoundintheSushrutaSamhita,acollectionoftextsonthepracticeoftraditionalmedicinebytheHindusinancientIndia.TheestimateddateoftheseworksisBCEtoAD.Sushrutaattributedthecauseofcalculitofourentities,i.e.phlegm,bile,airorsemen,andgavethefollowingdescriptionoftheirpresentation;‘Whenairandphlegmmeet,asmallstoneisformedwhichgrowstowardsthebladderoutletandhinderstheoutflowofurine.Thetorturedpatientthengrindshisteeth,pressesonhisabdomenandrubshispenis.Urine,flatusandfaecesarepassedwithseverepains.Insuchacase,thestoneisblack,rough,irregularandcoveredwithspikeslikethemaneleacadambaflower’.
结石疾病还出现在一本由古印度名医苏胥如塔所搜集整理的文稿集——《苏胥如塔·妙闻集》中。这些手稿可追溯至公元前年至公元后年。苏胥如塔将结石的成因归为四大类——粘液、胆汁、空气或精液，其描述如下：“空气与粘液相遇时会形成小型的结石，结石向膀胱颈生长并妨碍尿液排出。患者会出现磨牙，按压胸口及摩擦阴茎官的行为，且尿液、肠胃气及粪便的排出均会伴有剧烈疼痛。此类结石色黑，质坚，形状无规则且覆盖有maneleacadamba花样尖刺”。
Manymedicaltreatmentswerere